The graduate examines concepts and modes of expression in human imagination, values, and emotions

Introduction: Works of art vary greatly across genres and time periods. Some works of the humanities seem to have originated from the minds of specific individuals or from social and cultural influences, while other works of art were influenced by the styles and characteristics of earlier periods and are often a continuation of or reaction to those artistic styles. For example, classical art from ancient Greece and Rome was revived during the neoclassical era. Cubism was a reaction to the style and characteristics of the earlier European tradition of realistic painting. The purpose of this task is to analyze, critique, and understand where creativity and inspiration originate.Your goal for this task is to discuss and analyze creativity as the continuation of, or as a reaction to, an earlier historical art period. You will choose two historical periods from the list below and discuss the relationships between the periods. You should discuss how one period revived or continued the styl e and characteristics of the other period or how one period originated in reaction to the other period.The following is a list of historical art periods you can choose from: †¢ Classical †¢ Middle ages †¢ Renaissance †¢ Mannerism †¢ Baroque †¢ Rococo †¢ Neoclassical †¢ Romanticism †¢ Realism †¢ Impressionism †¢ Post impressionism †¢ Cubism †¢ Dadaism †¢ Geometric abstraction †¢ Pop art †¢ Surrealism †¢ Harlem Renaissance Task: A. Choose two art periods from the list above and write an essay (suggested length of 3–5 pages) in which you do the following: 1. Describe the earlier historical art period, characteristics of the style, and social conditions that may have contributed to the advent of this style.2. Describe the later historical art period, characteristics of the style, and social conditions that may have contributed to the advent of this style. 3. Analyze the relationship between the historical art periods. a. Explain similarities or differences between the historical art periods. b. Explain the purpose for continuing the tradition of the earlier historical art period or deviating from it. 1. Reference at least one specific work of art from each period in your discussion. 2. Explain how the later work relates to the earlier work. c. Explain the influence the later historical art period had on the art world (i.e., its historical significance).Note: You should assume that your audience has a ba sic knowledge of the art periods. You will want to identify both periods in your essay and describe the art periods (time periods, characteristics, and social conditions that may have contributed to the advent of the styles of the period), but you will want to do so in a way that will allow your readers see how the descriptions support your thesis concerning the relationship between the two art periods.B. If you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Note: Please save word-processing documents as *.rtf (Rich Text Format) or *.pdf (Portable Document Format) files. Note: When bulleted points are present in the task prompt, the level of detail or support called for in the rubric refers to those bulleted points.Note: For definitions of terms commonly used in the rubric, see the Rubric Terms web link included in the Evaluation Procedures section.Note: When using sources to support ideas and elements in a paper or project, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the paper or project.Note: No more than a combined total of 30% of a submission can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. For tips on using APA style, please refer to the APA Handout web link included in the APA Guidelines section. Evaluation MethodA rubric is used in this Evaluation. Name of rubric: RIWT Task 1 [View rubric] Final scoring method: Evaluator marks as â€Å"Meets Requirement/Does not Meet Requirement†

Core and periphery of Brazil

With reference to your selected region; locate and account for the emergence of a core, of relative wealth and a periphery of relative poverty. Discuss the relationship between the core and periphery, and note why the core is over-heating. What strategies have been initiated to tackle these regional inequalities? Brazil is the largest of the Latin American countries, located in the South American continent. Brazil's unequal development has given rise to two areas of spatial inequality. These are called the Core and the Periphery. The core is a relatively wealthy area, and is seen as the industrial hub of economics and industry. The Periphery however is less economically developed, and is characterised by a declining or stagnant economy. This prominent division has been caused by many reasons. The Core's success has resulted in it overheating, and outward migration has resulted in the periphery's problems getting worse. Government Strategies were then designed to improve the spread of development across Brazil. John Friedmann's model, shown above, shows us how Brazil has developed and its inequalities. The Core is in the South East of Brazil and is an area of industry, with high levels of technology, capital and investment. Unlike the North the South is fortunate to have a warm, temperate climate with a distinct cooler season along the coast. Development is easier in these Southern conditions, compared to the difficult climates of areas such as Sertio, in the North, where there are frequent droughts. Also the Core's location is beneficial too, being near the coast; large ports are possible and ports such as Santos in Sio Paulo are very important for importing and exporting for Brazil. These ports are built close to mineral resources and industry, for products to be exported. The core is home to huge reserves of iron and sizeable reserves of gold and gemstones, including emerald, topaz and aquamarine. These are mainly found in Minas Gerais, and rich minerals such as these are very beneficial to an area and they bring great revenue. Sio Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro are three cities that make up Brazil's industrial triangle, which is the centre of its industry. Sio Paulo is home to approximately one-third of the Brazilian GDP, with its economy based on machinery and automobile industry. Rio de Janeiro had the second largest economy after Sio Paulo and is home to the country's largest bank – Banco de Brazil. Belo Horizonte has become an international reference in information technology and Biotechnology. The Core has a good infrastructure, with efficient roads and railways that attract development. There is a large market for consumer goods and services, with a thriving work force, created by the large population. The South East of Brazil was the centre of trade in the country's colonial history too. Brazil was a Portuguese colony for over 300 years and the Portuguese exploited the land and exported minerals to Europe. The Southeast of the country was their centre of trade, so ports began to grow to export raw materials e. g. Santos and Rio de Janeiro. This was the start of the core's advanced development that left the peripheral areas behind in development. Foreign investment has accelerated the Core's development, with Germany as an example. Germany has invested $10 billion in Brazil, as 15% of its total foreign investment. There are now 1,024 German companies present in Brazil. Now German executives are being replaced by Brazilians to take over and run the companies. This will benefit the country even further, as its people become wealthier. As well as Germany, the united States have invested too, and Sio Paulo is considered to headquarter more American Companies than any other city outside of the U. S. The Car Industry has been a catalyst for development. With Ford, General Motors and VW in Brazil, hundreds of component suppliers have been attracted. Near to VW's plant for bus and trucks, is Volta Redonda, Brazil's main steel industry. This thrives from the car industry in Brazil and brings 1800 more jobs and $250 million of investment to Brazil. The Periphery is quiet different, located in the Centre West of Brazil. The Peripheral areas often suffer from declining industries, creating a negative image, which is unfavourable to new development in relation to the core. Low productivity and reduced demand for minerals has left the periphery less favourable in comparison with the core. Young and ambitious workers often leave the periphery to move the core, where there are greater job opportunities. This adds to the problems that the periphery faces, with a reduced work force and an aging population. The North has never been prosperous and has always been thinly populated. The development of Brazil's peripheral region has been stunted by its many problems. Environmentally, the peripheral areas in the North- East suffer epic droughts. This area is struck by mild droughts every 3years and a severe one every 12. Any remaining water is unsafe to drink and cholera strikes in epidemics. The temperatures through the dry season can reach 42iC and the temperatures and dry conditions make development very difficult and slow. The land available for growing crops is scarce and the soil is generally poor, thus meaning farmers that are dependant on one crop can't grow it, are struggle for food for their livestock. The people often have no or little education and can only get jobs in unskilled sectors and industry is mainly in agriculture. Most people are dependant on cottage industries and specific crops. The Northeast is the poorest region of Brazil, with the worst HDI rates of the country, mainly in the rural areas, which suffer from long periods without rain. This is somewhat ironic since the Northeast, during Brazil's colonial era when sugar production was higher, was the most prosperous region in all of South America. Health care is very bad, malnutrition is common in people living in these areas and child labor is a concern, as is child prostitution in major cities. Prostitution in the major cities has become an enormous problem, caused largely by the low Brazilian minimum wage as well as sexual tourism. In contrast to the situation occurring in the other Brazilian regions where social problems are worse in bigger cities, social problems in the Northeast regions are worse in the rural and small communities of the interior, lessening in bigger cities near the coast. With a lack of mineral resources and a poor infrastructure the Northeast of Brazil's development was very slow, especially with little energy resource to aid it. The quality of life in the Peripheral areas was low and the higher wages in the core appear much more favourable. The Core has its Problems too, overcrowding of people and competition for business, resulted in the core overheating. People move to the Southeast to improve their quality of life. However so many people now live and work in the big cities of the core that this begins to create its own problems. Since not enough housing can be provided for all these people or indeed afforded, people make their homes on unreclaimed public land. This resulted in a high occurrence of Shanty Towns or Favelas. These areas of irregular and poor quality housing are often crowded onto hillsides. Landslides in such areas, caused primarily by heavy rainfall but worsened by deforestation, are frequent. In recent decades, favelas have been troubled by drug-related crime and gang warfare. There are rumors that common social codes in favelas forbid residents from engaging in criminal activity while inside their own favela. Favelas are often considered a disgrace and an eyesore for local people within Brazil. The overcrowding caused by in-migration in the cities results in congestion and air pollution. This is worsened by the industrial pollution from manufacturing companies and from petrochemicals. Competition from other companies has resulted in closures of existing ones, meaning jobs are lost. Also wage rate were seen to be lower elsewhere so some businesses have chosen to move, to pay lower rates. The port of Santos had noticeably higher holding charges than other major ports; commerce was lost here as companies left. Under Unemployment is an issue in Brazil, this is where people hold jobs that don't contribute to the country's productivity. These are jobs in the informal sector such as, camelos, street vendors and prostitution. The minimum Monthly wage is R$200, although about 30million people in Brazil are not even making that much. The Brazilian government designed strategies to spread development across Brazil, with the Amazon region and the Northeast as the main problem areas. To begin the alterations a nationwide transport network was built, this included the Amazonian Highway. This re-encouraged mining and other economic activities to develop in the Amazon region. Two main approaches were used to tackle regional differences. These were the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. The top down approach is central around the government's decisions and doesn't really involve the people. Governments often concentrate their development resources in Growth poles, such as Brasilia and Recife, with the hope that economic growth will take place and spread to surrounding areas. Also growth corridors are often designated, that are designed to encourage industrial investment. These are often positioned along major roads that connect major urban areas and provide good access. In the Northeast there has now been heavy investment from new industries using power from the Sao Francisco River and the capital city was moved from Rio de Janeiro to a new city Brasilia. These are Top-down approaches, where government decisions try to overcome the disparity between the rich and the poor. Bottom-up approaches are centered on the people, helping them to help themselves. Local communities are consulted about the best ways to improve their quality of life, and they together plan the best methods. The government offered incentives to encourage businesses like Grendene to move away from the core. In this case the shoe company Grendene, worth $100billion, moved to the North East. The Capital of Brazil used to be Rio de Janeiro but in 1960 the Brazilian government decided to build a new capital inland, Brasilia, in an effort to develop the interior of Brazil. Brasilia acted like a magnet and changed migration patterns, and encouraged economic development in different areas. Many specific strategies were also implemented. Two regional development agencies were set up in 1959 called SUDENE and SUDAM, and they were responsible for managing the economic and social development of the country. SUDENE in the Northeast and SUDAM in the North; organized programmes such as; road building, the installation of power stations, building schools and developing ports. The work of SUDENE linked with the Northeastern pact of 1996 many improvements were made. The infrastructure in terms of irrigation, energy supply, transport and communications were improved. Canals were formed to link up rivers, dams were built and the drinking water was improved. Also efforts were made to modernise agriculture, to promote subsistence farming and cottage industry, to avoid the worst effects of droughts. Beer brewing plants were moved from Rio de Janeiro to Ceari, the Antarctica and Kaiser breweries created new jobs and revenue. This followed other industries moving to the northeast to lower labour costs and tax breaks. Also the state Maranhao has begun to attract companies from Taiwan, with and expected benefit of $1 billion. This move is to find cheaper labour and the abundance of raw materials in the area. Brazil now has a good tourism industry set up, with visitors coming to the beautiful locations along the north east coasts especially. Although progress has certainly been made, the regional programmes have not lived up to their entire expectations. Sustainable growth wasn't always considered and tax incentives made quick short term solutions. Further development in the Northern areas of Brazil has meant huge areas of forest land have been cleared under the grounds of land improvement, but deforestation is posing a larger threat. Global climate change has resulted in stricter rules, which could hinder their progress. The increasing debt of the country has meant that there is less and less capital available for investment. The gap between the core and the peripheral regions in Brazil has certain closed a little but there is certainly more to be done.

Advertising Created the Consumption Habits of Our Society

Advertising Created the Consumption Habits of Our Society Consumption today has a totally different meaning than centuries or decades ago. There are different reasons researchers find to explain what is the reason behind of the consumption habit of our society. Many times marketing and advertisement are pointed out as the initiative power. Often happens that consumers buy a brand new telephone for example even if the old one has no problem but a new version of that model was launched. Why do people feel like this? Is it really necessary to change the phone? More and more often people decide to purchase goods, which they could not allow as they are out of there budget (Han, 2010). Do we really need that new phone? What makes us believe that yes, we do need it? Many other example could be listed here to underline the above problem area. This paper attempts to find answers for the questions mentioned above. In this analysis, the main assumption is that marketing and the marketing activities cause the desire in people to consume, and even over -consume in today’s life. First, the essay will describe briefly the relevant economic and historical background, afterwards will set out the hypothesis of the research and will provide pro and contra arguments to discuss this issue and finally will make a conclusion based on the results of the research. HISTORICAL AND ECONOMICAL BACKGROUND Comparing consumption back in history to what it is today there is a big difference (Goodwin et al. 2006). Few centuries ago the lifestyle of people varied they hardly did shopping outside their living area. Before the Industrial Revolution most of the people lived in villages and worked in agriculture. Back in that time we could not talk about fashion or trends pushing people into buying habits. Usually a winter coat lasted a lifetime. Certainly a small elite did exist but could not make any change in society in terms of changing the agrarian economy. Due to the Industrial Revolution industrialization began and changed the consumption. Fo r example textile production grew between 1760 and 1830 from 3 million pounds to 360 million pounds in Brittan. Consumerism, the word was used first in 1915 (Wikipedia, 2010). After the Industrial Revolution for the first time in history products were available to everyone at affordable prices and in enough quantity. This is how consumerism began. At the turn of the 20th century economist Thorsten Veblen writes about unnecessary and wasteful consumption (Wikipedia, 2010). By the end of the 20th century materialism raised, the reason of attending college was to earn more money and the culture changed into the direction of competition and disconnection. The range of wealthy people became the focus of marketing and the ones with less income could â€Å"purchase something new that will speak of their place in the tradition of affluence† (Wikipedia, 2010). In today’s consumerism in the 21st century, it can be observed that people try to differentiate from other. Poor people try to act and look like as they were rich and wealthy people try to act like celebrities, each one of them would like to be seen as coming from higher social class (Wikipedia, 2010).

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Business Ethics - Essay Example Besides financial losses for the business, other problems such as lawsuits and market share decrease may be witnessed (Baumhart, R. 1968). Ethical Problems Worldwide Corporate ethical issues have not been confined to the United States. 80% of companies worldwide suffered business fraud in the years between 2004 and 2007. Parmalat, a dairy company in Italy filed for bankruptcy in 2003 because of fraudulent accounting issues. Founder Calisto Tanzi was found guilty of fraud in 2010 and sentenced to prison for eighteen years. The company reported earnings every year but never earned any earnings. Conrad Black, a former chairman of Hollinger International, was found guilty in the 2007 of embezzling funds of the media company’s shareholders by back-dating stock options (Baumhart, R. 1968). Millions of dollars was stolen through falsified documents. In Sweden top management of the insurance business Skandia engaged in corruption awarding themselves large bonuses in excess of $350 mil lion, some of which were never disclosed. This action made Shareholders to be extremely unhappy with the losses and executive corruption. The prices of shares in the company dropped drastically (Helin and Sandstrom2007). The fines levied against investment banks and brokerage firms in 2003 did not stop investment banks such as Lehman Brothers from closure five years later over undervalued mortgage-backed securities. Banks got into a new part of finance that escaped banking rules through bundling bad mortgages into securities (Lewis2010). The United States experienced the largest financial disaster since the great depression was felt around the world. Even though Lehman Brothers assets exceeded $600 billion, it collapsed due to their deep connection with derivatives, this enabled investment banks to shift money from one company to another. The Ethics of U.S. Bankers The ethics of banks have been measured frequently by the Gallup Polls. Though in 1988 polls that was conducted during t he savings and loan crisis, there was a drop in number of people rating the banker’s ethics as high or very high by 12%. There was a further drop from 23 % in the poll taken in 2008 to 19 % in the following year. This was the lowest record for the profession in the banking industry. In 2009 polls, 33 % of respondents rated the ethics of bankers as ‘low or very low’. This indicated a level of distrust and also poor ethics in the US banking industry. From the figures, it is a clear indication that the blame was pointed to the bankers for the financial crises. The public felt that the financial problems were due to bad ethics in the banking sector. Bankers have been criticized for issuing risky loans but according to (Lewis 2010), he argues that it is too crude to blame the financial crisis on ethics of bankers. According to Graafland and van deVen (2011) the three areas where of U.S. government has failed include encouraging the credit extension in the real estate market, failure by the government to keep a strong financial policy, and finally failure to regulate and monitor the markets. According to Graafland and van deVen there should be an improved sense of professionalism and duty to the public is needed. When an organization or industry loses its authenticity, the benefit of doubt is also lost. This is according to Kopeck Berenbeim, R. (1987). The Corruption Perception Index The corruption perception index (CPI) can also be used to

The different views of marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The different views of marriage - Essay Example The sonnets rank among the finest love lyrics in the English language. The subject of the sonnets – love and the beloved, their soft music and the occasional graceful turn of phrase earn them an elevated place in English literature. A bit more about the title of the sonnet collection, Mrs. Browning was not Portugese, but she was a pronounced brunette, which is why her husband referred to her as â€Å"my little Portugese†. When she compiled her love poems in book form, she remembered the nickname and gave them the title â€Å"Sonnets from the Portugese†. One of the sonnets, Sonnet XLIII, often called â€Å"How Do I Love Thee† is hereby reproduced: Mrs. Browning’s Sonnet XLIII has been called the greatest love lyric in English and many readers would agree. The spontaneity and extent to which the persona in the poem experiences the emotion of love is very clear and evident from the beginning. In the poem, she expresses the fact that love encompasses her whole being and her whole life. Looking into her biography, the reader discovers that she led an active child’s life until one day, in trying to saddle her pony, she fell and suffered an injury that made her a partial invalid for years. In 1816, however, she married the poet Robert Browning and went with him to live in Florence, Italy, where her health improved and where their only son was born. Apparently, marriage and a more cheerful outlook towards life agreed with her and did her a lot of good. Line 9 of the poem would attest to this: â€Å"I love with a passion put to use Not all marriages are as perfect and ecstatic as that of the Brownings. In an analysis of short story that ensues, â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, the negative side of marriage is presented. On the outset, however, the reader is kept guessing (Is the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, a happily-married

Two Strategy Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Strategy Questions - Assignment Example In the measurement stage, the products output were measured according to the set out expected performance. Analyze phase considered the merits and demerits of the products. Orkut was a social media platform which did well in some countries, but not as compared to Facebook. Google translate enabled users to search for information in different languages, though the languages were insufficient. Google earth pictures were vague and one could not see the directions in case of difficulty. Gmail application was a computer web based operation and due to technology changes, users suggested a mobile version. Lastly, Picasa enabled users to store and edit their photos online. The improve stage saw major shake ups in Google internal operations. The social network Orkut was scrapped due to low numbers. Google translate was added forty more different translation languages. Sky, ocean, Google map and navigation were also included on Google earth to improve the quality and features from the satellite. Mobile Gmail was introduced for all wap enabled phones. For mass Google presence on the internet and entertainment industry, it purchased the reowned video streaming company, you tube. Google controls its operations through the use of feedback from its users to avoid their dissatisfaction. Feedback is collected by Google employees who work in teams for efficiency. The changes in internal operations are effective as Google has managed to stay at the top after continuous improvements. Changes from way back have yielded extreme profits over the years in Google, and therefore, improvements in internal operations are vital. Corporate culture is the accepted norms, values and systems that define an organization and undertaken to meet its objectives. Corporate culture helps strategy execution in a number of ways. First, it fosters innovation. If an

A Human Disorder, Involving Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms Essay

A Human Disorder, Involving Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms - Essay Example A lot of people having this condition are born with an aperture in the abdomen wall that facilitates the protrusion of the abdominal organs through the navel. Many infants with BWS have tongues that are abnormally long (macroglossia) which can interfere with swallowing, breathing, and speaking. BWS’s other features include abdominal organs that are abnormally large (viscreromegaly), pits or creases in the skin near the ears, kidney abnormalities, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in infant (Baum, et al, 2007 pg 78). The genetic causes of BWS are complex. It results from regulation of genes that is abnormal in a given region of chromosome 11. People usually inherit a single copy of this chromosome from each parent. In many genes of chromosome 11, each of the two copies of the genes is expressed (turned on) in the cells. However, for some genes, only the gene inherited from the father (paternal copy) is expressed while for some, the copy inherited from the mother (maternal copy) is the only one expressed. These parent specific differences in the expression of the gene are caused by genomic imprinting phenomenon. Abnormalities which involve genes on chromosome 11 that experience genomic imprinting are the cause of many cases of BWS. Typically, half of the cases are at least caused by changes in the methylation process. In genes that experience genomic imprinting, methylation is among the ways that parents of the gene of the origin are marked at the time of the creation of the egg and sperm cells.

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Sociology - Essay Example This concept is what Wright Mills called â€Å"Sociological Imagination.† Mills (1956) contends that sociological imagination enables the person to look into himself as a part of a larger whole, and failed to â€Å"grasp the interplay of man and society† (as cited in Henslin, 2005). Poverty is not an isolated case pointing out to a particular country. Nations considered being the best in the world when it comes to financial capability, also having cases of families in poverty line. In the United States, though it is the source of the world’s â€Å"American dream,† was also devastated by disasters such as the memorable Hurricane Katrina, which turned the progressive New Orleans into a ghost town. Jobs were scarce after the disaster because of the damages caused by the hurricane to several business industries in both macro and micro levels (Kornblum, 2008). The problem was heightened by the recession of 2009 brought about by the foreclosure of the Lehman Brothers. Banks, real estates, and the marketing industry fell resulting to the retrenchment of jobs to save profit. The fall of the company delivered a domino effect to other businesses most especially in the real estate. Prices of mortgage have gone higher than usual; a price where the jobless and middle class Americans are unable to afford. Ling (2009) reported that families were desperate in search of job, food and shelter. The effect of the recession was clearly seen in certain places in Sacramento where people are forced to build â€Å"tent cities.† Life’s little rewards such as hot meal, hot shower, and accessibility to potable water are not the main issues; the people in the tent cities are more concerned of where to get a meal, shower and water. Living in the tent cities is like â€Å"starting to live all over again.† Poverty and homelessness may come from two significant and nondetachable things: personal and societal factors. The impact of the recession, the struggling budget

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Term Paper

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing - Term Paper Example Since the style of leadership affects the patient’s mortality resulting from nursing care and the wellbeing of the nursing staffs (Firth-Cozens & Mowbray, 2001), the styles of leadership employed in the nursing scenario are essential. Autocratic and democratic types of leadership may positively or negatively affect the practice of nursing profession, nursing staffs and ultimately the patient depending on how it is implemented by the nurse managers. Review of Professional Nursing Literatures Autocratic style of leadership is where a manager is powerful and in authority to make decisions. The environment is influenced through sets of rewards and punishments. This is most effective when other types of leadership are not effective to manage employees. It also works when there is limited time to make decisions. However, this type of leadership should not be used in situations where employees become tensed, fearful and when employees always rely for the decision of the manager befor e they act. On the other hand, democratic leadership allows employees to be part of the decision making. This is participative in style. Employees are informed on everything that affects their work and they participates on problem solving thus the manager has to get the consensus of the group before making decisions. However, democratic leadership is not effective when there is limited time getting the decision of every employee and when safety of employees is a critical concern. Autocratic leadership is implemented in the profession of nursing in times of any emergency cases where the manager has to decide outright and employees are expected to follow without any explanations. This type of leadership is most beneficial in situations where employees are new and inexperienced and where the organization does not allow errors. Schaeffer (2002) provided an interesting finding that those emergency cases need autocratic managers for the sake of the patient. He further pointed out that man agers are equivalent to an operating room surgeon forced to do what it takes to save the patient’s life. Other emergency cases like evacuating the hospital for a possible threat needs the authoritative action of the manager to give directives to subordinates for a common goal that is to transfer everybody involved to a safer place. Another emergency situation is the need for the code blue team during cardiac arrest. On observation, the same strategy is employed by the nurse manager to effectively handle the situation that is to give directives and be in control of the situation to save the patient’s life during those crucial periods. In these scenarios, a nurse manager can raise voice to command staffs as needed. This is to make sure the nurse and the other members of the team are doing the right thing for a particular case at hand so that if the same situation emerges the group is already equipped with the skills needed. Exercising power in this method may transfer th e skill and knowledge of the nurse manager down to the subordinates. Schaeffer further pointed out that the strategy of being an autocratic leader depends on the challenges at hand. He further added that the strategy is to change the leadership style if needed. As a successful chairman himself of the Well point Health Networks, he accepted adopting different styles at critical

Review of The Blast in Centralia No. 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of The Blast in Centralia No. 5 - Essay Example As seen in the article by Martin (1948), Driscoll O. Scanlan- thirteen years of age- was among the inspectors of the mine as appointed by the then governor, Dwight H. Green. Martin (1948) continues to argue that Scanlan was committed to his work and effortlessly aimed at ensuring that the mining laws would be enforced; thus, security and high output of the miners' efforts. As contrasted to Scanlan, the other miners were reluctant and passed timing chatting throughout their working time (Martin, 1948). As the leader, Scanlan raised alarm over the laxity portrayed by the miners, recommending that other miners need to be appointed, and that the mine was the worst in the entire district. Besides the issues on the side of the miners, the mine was faced with other challenges that entailed the general infrastructure of the mine. Martin (1948) says that Scanlan recommended cleaning of the passage ways as well as making use of clay as opposed to filling of shots using coal dust. Additionally, Martin (1948) indicates that Scanlan also advocated for the shutting down of the mine for renovation and maintenance purposes. From the above case, it is valid to argue that there a lot of issues surrounding this case, ranging from administration to political. With the help of the work and compilation by Wilson Woodrow on The study of Administration, and Cropf’s American public administration: Public service for the 21st century, this section shall attempt to analyze what went wrong in the case and how politics influenced the occurrence of this disaster, and how the same would have been easily avoided. Wilson (1886) indicates that for any organization to be successful, the management must shift lots of their energy in improving the personnel, so as they can attain efficiency. As seen in the case of Centralia, this was a failure on the side of the governor’s administration as he ignored the call by the head of the mine on the incompetence of the miners who spent a majo rity of their time gossiping and wasting a lot of time, which would have been used in boosting the output of the mine. The organization methods and follow-up mechanisms, which are key in administration as seen in the argument by Wilson (1886), were not good enough to improve the personnel in the mine. Secondly, Wilson (1886) says that in any administration system, the government must ensure that they analyze what they can successfully accomplish, and how they can effectively accomplish the same using minimum amounts of funds and less energy. Martin (1948) reports a different case as rock dusting, that has over the years been said to be distressing and not fit for the miners, was applied in the case of Centralia. The government then watches the miners inhaling huge chunks of coal dust, which affects their health. The government, in this case failed as they had no clear plan on how they would deal with the issues in the mine. Probably, one would argue that this is the reason behind th e government assuming the alarms caused by Scanlan, on the poor condition of the mine to operate effectively. This opposes the argument by Wilson (1886) who is of the opinion that administration ought to be a government at work, which seeks attention and immediate action to issues. Wilson (1886) in

Multinational Corporations Essay Example for Free

Multinational Corporations Essay Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have remained a part of the business scene throughout history, entering their modern form in the 17th and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic concerns such as the British East India Company during the age of colonization. Multinational concerns were viewed at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained their favorable image as instruments of improved global relations through commercial ties. The existence of close international trading relations did not prevent the outbreak of two world wars in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict. In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed, multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. Furthermore, the actual nature and methods of multinationals are in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-term influence is likely to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations share many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION? As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country. These operations outside the companys home country may be linked to the parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Multinational corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no regard for the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their situation is more complicated. There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses. In 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations had combined sales of $7. 1 trillion, which is equivalent to 28. 3 percent of the worlds gross domestic product. The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan; they have the capacity to shape global trade, production, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are forced to respond to increasing global competition. The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank are the three institutions that underwrite the basic rules and regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations between countries. Many developing nations have loosened trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. The domestic financial markets in these countries have not been developed and do not have appropriate laws in place to enable domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition. The administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing agencies generally cannot guarantee the social discipline and political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-friendly atmosphere. As a result, most multinational corporations are investing in certain geographic locations only. In the 1990s, most foreign investment was in high-income countries and a few geographic locations in the South like East Asia and Latin America. According to the World Banks 2002 World Development Indicators, there are 63 countries considered to be low-income countries. The share of these low-income countries in which foreign countries are making direct investments is very small; it rose from 0. 5 percent 1990 to only 1. 6 percent in 2000. Although foreign direct investment in developing countries rose considerably in the 1990s, not all developing countries benefited from these investments. Most of the foreign direct investment went to a very small number of lower and upper middle income developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. In these countries, the rate of economic growth is increasing and the number of people living at poverty level is falling. However, there are still nearly 140 developing countries that are showing very slow growth rates while the 24 richest, developed countries (plus another 10 to 12 newly industrialized countries) are benefiting from most of the economic growth and prosperity. Therefore, many people in the developing countries are still living in poverty. Similarly, multinational corporations are viewed as being exploitative of both their workers and the local environment, given their relative lack of association with any given locality. This criticism of multinationals is valid to a point, but it must be remembered that no corporation can successfully operate without regard to local social, labor, and environmental standards, and that multinationals in large measure do conform to local standards in these regards. Multinational corporations are also seen as acquiring too much political and economic power in the modern business environment. Indeed, corporations are able to influence public policy to some degree by threatening to move jobs overseas, but companies are often prevented from employing this tactic given the need for highly trained workers to produce many products. Such workers can seldom be found in low-wage countries. Furthermore, once they enter a market, multinationals are bound by the same constraints as domestically owned concerns, and find it difficult to abandon the infrastructure they produced to enter the market in the first place. The modern multinational corporation is not necessarily headquartered in a wealthy nation. Many countries that were recently classified as part of the developing world, including Brazil, Taiwan, Kuwait, and Venezuela, are now home to large multinational concerns. The days of corporate colonization seem to be nearing an end. Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets: merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns; sequential market entry; and joint ventures. Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies in a new market is the most straightforward method of new market penetration employed by multinational corporations. Such an entry, known as foreign direct investment, allows multinationals, especially the larger ones, to take full advantage of their size and the economies of scale that this provides. The rash of mergers within the global automotive industries during the late 1990s are illustrative of this method of gaining access to new markets and, significantly, were made in response to increased global competition. Multinational corporations also make use of a procedure known as sequential market entry when seeking to penetrate a new market. Sequential market entry often also includes foreign direct investment, and involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to the parent companys product lines in the new country of operation. Japans Sony Corporation made use of sequential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establishment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sonys U. S. operations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent companys leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977. After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sonys example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat indigenous competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas. Finally, multinational corporations often access new markets by creating joint ventures with firms already operating in these markets. This has particularly been the case in countries formerly or presently under communist rule, including those of the former Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and the Peoples Republic of China. In such joint ventures, the venture partner in the market to be entered retains considerable or even complete autonomy, while realizing the advantages of technology transfer and management and production expertise from the parent concern. The establishment of joint ventures has often proved awkward in the long run for multinational corporations, which are likely to find their venture partners are formidable competitors when a more direct penetration of the new market is attempted. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a variety of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and control over operations. While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental protection, and labor organizations and government agencies worldwide. National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations by simply moving their jobs to developing countries where labor costs are markedly less. Labor organizations in developing countries face the converse of the same problem, as they are usually obliged to negotiate with the national subsidiary of the multinational corporation in their country, which is usually willing to negotiate contract terms only on the basis of domestic wage standards, which may be well below those in the parent companys country. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace. Today, many Americans are concerned about the issue of whether American multinational companies will continue to export jobs to cheap overseas labor markets. In the fall of 2003, the University of California-Berkeley showed that as many as 14 million American jobs were potentially at risk over the next decade. In 2004, the United States faced a half-trillion-dollar trade deficit, with a surplus in services. Opponents of offshoring claim that it takes jobs away from Americans, while also increasing the imbalance of trade. When foreign companies set up operations in America, they usually sell the products manufactured in the U. S. to American consumers. However, when U. S. companies outsource jobs to cheap overseas labor markets, they usually sell the goods they produce to Americans, rather than to the consumers in the country in which they are made. In 2004, the states of Illinois and Tennessee passed legislation aimed at limiting offshoring; in 2005, another 16 states considered bills that would limit state aid and tax breaks to firms that outsource abroad. Insourcing, on the other hand, is a term used to describe the practice of foreign companies employing U. S. workers. Foreign automakers are among the largest insourcers. Many non-U. S. auto manufacturers have built plants in the United States, thus ensuring access to American consumers. Auto manufacturers such as Toyota now make approximately one third of its profits from U. S. car sales. Social welfare organizations are similarly concerned about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations. Environmental protection agencies are equally concerned about the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection statutes. Finally, government agencies fear the growing power of multinationals, which once again can use the threat of removing their operations from a country to secure favorable regulation and legislation. All of these concerns are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over even their own operations. Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social issues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have greatly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend shows every sign of continuing. Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with excessively low labor costs given the relative lack of skilled laborers available for work in such areas. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the modern consumer to the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments mitigates the removal of multinational business operations to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal. Examples of consumer reaction to unpopular action by multinationals are plentiful, and include the outcry against the use of sweatshop labor by Nike and activism against operations by the Shell Oil Company in Nigeria and PepsiCo in Myanmar (formerly Burma) due to the repressive nature of the governments in those countries. Multinational corporations are also constrained by consumer attitudes in environmental matters. Environmental disasters such as those which occurred in Bhopal, India (the explosion of an unsafe chemical plant operated by Union Carbide, resulting in great loss of life in surrounding areas) and Prince William Sound, Alaska (the rupture of a single-hulled tanker, the Exxon Valdez, causing an environmental catastrophe) led to ceaseless bad publicity for the corporations involved and continue to serve as a reminder of the long-term cost in consumer approval of ignoring environmental, labor, and safety concerns. Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal, with examples including the 1987 Montreal Protocol limiting global production and use of chlorofluorocarbons and the 1989 Basel Convention regulating the treatment of and trade in chemical wastes. In fact, despite worries over the impact of multinational corporations in environmentally sensitive and economically developing areas, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable to date. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world, and the wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average. When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little net loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the corporate standard of environmental protection even if this is more stringent than the regulations in place in their country of operation, and so in most cases create less pollution than similar indigenous industries.

Lee Harvey Oswald Essay Example for Free

Lee Harvey Oswald Essay Oswald was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939, to Robert Edward lee Oswald, Sr. and Marguerite Frances Clavier. Oswald had two older siblings. Brother Robert Edward lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic. Oswald’s father died prior to Oswald’s birth, marguerite raised her sons alone. On may 7,1945; his mother married Edwin Adolph Ekdah in Fort Worth, Texas. As a child, Oswald was withdrawn and temperamental. In august 1952, while living with half-brother John Pic, at the time a U.   S. coastguardsman stationed in New York City, Oswald and marguerite were asked to leave after Oswald allegedly threatened Pic’s wife with a knife and struck their mother, marguerite. Charges of truancy, led to psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory. The psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, described Oswald’s â€Å"vivid fantasy life turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which he tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations. Finding a â€Å"personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies,† Dr. Hartogs recommended continued treatment. However, in January 1954, Oswald’s mother returned with him to New Orleans. At the time, there was a question pending before a New York judge as to weather Oswald should be removed from the care of his mother to finish his schooling, although his behavior appeared to improve during his last months in New York. In New Orleans, in October 1955, Oswald’s left the 10th grade after one month. He worked as an office clerk or messenger around New Orleans, rather than attend school. Planning for his enlistment, the family returned to Fort Worth in July 1956, and he re-enrolled in 10th grade for the September session, but quit in October to join the marines, he never received a high school diploma. By the age of 17, he had resided at 22 different locations and attended 12 different schools. Oswald enlisted in the united states marine corps on October 24, 1956, just after his 17th birthday . e idolized his older brother Robert. Enlistment may also have been an escape from oswalds overbearing mother, oswalds primary training was a radar operator, a position requiring a security clearance. A 1957 document states that he was â€Å"granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including confidential, afer careful check of local recorda had disclosed no derogatory data. â€Å"in the aircraft control and warning operator course, he finished seventh in a class of 30. he course included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar. † He was assigned first to marine corps air station el toro in july 1957, then to naval air facility atsugi in japan in september as part of marine air control squadron 1. Like all marines, Oswald was trained and tested in riflery, scoring 212 in December 1956 (slightly above the minimum for qualification as a sharpshooter) but in may 1959 scoring only 191( barly earning the lower

A Case Study Of Sea Turtle Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay

A Case Study Of Sea Turtle Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay Sea turtles are being caught throughout the world even though these endangered species are illegal to hunt them. Most of these sea turtles are being hunt down for food. These turtles are considered a source of fine dine in most parts of the world for centuries now. For instance, one Chinese text that dates back to the 5th century B.[1] describes marine turtles as exotic food. Several coastal countries harvest these sea turtles and use them as a major source of protein in their everyday food. These people also use turtle eggs in their food. Certain other countries like Mexico use these turtles in boots Certain species of sea turtles are hunted down for their shell. For instance, one of the species called hawksbill sea turtle produces Tortoise shell which is a traditional decorative ornament in Japanese and Chinese culture[1]. Similarly the Ancient Greeks and Romans used turtle scutes to make ornaments and jewellery for the elites. The Moche tribe of Peru worship turtles along with other sea animals. Sea turtles have been enormously depicted in Moche arts[2]. Tropical beaches are kind of made safe by the sea turtles that are immune to jelly-fish toxin and frequently eat them. Green sea turtle are few sea animals that feed on the green sea grass. Certain sea turtles graze on the sea grass under the sea that is supposed to be kept short in order to maintain the health of the sea[3]. The sea grass bed is the developmental and feeding ground for several sea animals. Loss of sea grass bed can result in lower levels of food chain and loss of several sea life and endanger countless marine species[3]. The following are the eight endangered species of marine chelonians; loggerheads (Caretta caretta), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea), kemps ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii), olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), flat-back turtles (Natator depresses), green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas), and the black sea turtles (Chelonia agassizii). These endangered species have numerous biological features as well as in their life cycle which makes them chiefly susceptible to human interference[4]. Usually, the majority migrates between feeding and nesting grounds, have a longer life span, nest on semi-tropical and tropical beaches, breed seasonally, have bulky clutch sizes, and have elevated mortality before adulthood. The sea turtle population size and dynamics are not just affected by one anthropogenic cause rather there are numerous threats both on shore and out in the sea that is responsible for the declining population size in almost a ll the species[3]. The main consideration is commonly given to in shore and beach conservation. This paper will evaluate the present stressors on sea turtle populations from the standpoint of nesting beach associated conservation including instability to nesting females and to clutches and hatchlings. This paper furthermore will comprise an inspection of the management methods to tackle with decreasing populations in nesting areas, including management normally employed in developed countries[5], management with the public education and participation in third-world countries, and management of pre-nesting females present off-shore, who are frequently caught as bicatch during fishing. During breeding and nesting periods the sea turtles gather off shore at the beach and thus are easily accessible to the human populations. This is the time when these turtles can be either positively or negatively affected by the human population. Disturbance to nesting females is the primary hindrance in nesting beach conservation projects. Pedestrian intrusion and under education concerning the suitable manners to interact with nesting females is typically the main threat, and in severe cases such as in developing countries, simmering is extremely persistent and hard to manage, but is generally uncommon in developed countries[4][5]. Human interference can cause females to get lost inland and become entrapped in bushes and die from dehydration and stress, run over by cars, and potentially come in contact with dangerous and toxic materials and protract life threatening injuries. Similar consequences can result from light induced disorientation[6]. The female turtles have an innate tendency to orient themselves to the brightest horizon which is always the sea, but lights from buildings and cars and other kinds of human interference can make them disorientated and crawl towards what can be called as potential hazards. Human interference in addition may lead to abandoned nesting attempts, as the females may find the beach inapt and dangerous, probably taking humans as predators that may eat her clutch or cause her injury. Furthermore, beach furniture, cemented pavements, roads and similar other obstacles can interfere with the normal biology of sea turtles and cause the female turtle to find the beach inapt and insecure for nesting attempts[7][8]. There have been reports of beach furniture and other similar objects being the cause of death for female turtles. The fact that female turtles frequently false crawl has been documented and observed to be true[8]. The female turtle crawls on the beach and then make a U turn to crawl up again and back down, this is a way to reassure that the beach is suitable and secure for the final nesting. On the less disturbed beaches there are generally identical amounts of nesting and non-nesting appearances, where on extremely disturbed beaches non-nesting emergences can be several times higher than nesting appearances[2]. The outcome of high aborted nesting trials is not known, it has been implied that these females typically find a close by beach which is more apt, or probably reabsorb the eggs[1]. The clutch and hatchlings are generally very vulnerable to damage from human interference. Apart from human interference the clutch and hatchlings are also susceptible to natural predators, environment and natural mortality[9][4]. No matter how good a researcher might be, if he or she is not well aware of the needs and risks of these clutch and hatchlings, they can significantly decrease the nests success. Several of the threats on concerned beaches comprise beach tools flouting or revealing eggs, human pests like dogs, cats, raccoons and rats digging up eggs. Artificially constructed barriers and constructions on the beach can lead to the drowning of eggs, the hatchlings can get attacked by fire ants, rà Ã‚ µlocation of thà Ã‚ µ clutch outsidà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ safà Ã‚ µ 6-hour post-dà Ã‚ µposition window, rotating à Ã‚ µggs during rà Ã‚ µlocation, and entanglement in holes and ruts[10]. The threats discussed above are besides the natural threats like predators and other wild dogs and cats that can potentially attack the hatchlings, and the environmental effects of bad nest position leading to below optimum moisture, plants, sand resolution, aà Ã‚ µration, tà Ã‚ µmpà Ã‚ µraturà Ã‚ µ, and vulnà Ã‚ µrability to sà Ã‚ µasonal interference such as hurricane storm surge[8][9][10]. The most rational method to improve and advance marine sea turtle life is by managing the nesting beaches. These beaches are reachable to researchers and a basis of high mortality for hatchlings and adults. Nest management programs are one of the most widespread and effectual ways of enhancing survival, particularly in adjunct with legislation and community cooperation[1]. There are a number of programs that are completely community based, where marine turtles are an important part of the domestic financial system, custom and food source, and the sustainable management of the animals is a source of income for the community and a safe haven for marine turtle conservation[10]. [5] The majority of the programs in the developed countries are concerned with the safety of the nests and the beaches from intrusion and human interference. Besides this other management strategies deal with the gathering of females off-shore during the nesting period, where leisure and fishing ships cause the death of females from accidents, entrapment in fishing lines, and drowning in trawl nests[4]. The nesting beach program of Sarasota n Florida is a typical model of the developed nesting beach program. During the nesting season, the nesting beaches are constantly patrolled. A documented track is kept during these patrols for nesting and non-nesting emergences[4][6], in addition the nests are marked off with wooden stakes and flags in order to keep a track of nests and at the same time make the public aware of the nests presence. Areas with high risk of predation, human interference or any other similar hazards have a deeply rooted iron cage around the nests to protect the emerging hatchlings from these hazards. The wooden stakes used to mark the nest have a detailed information tag that includes the date at which the nest was laid along with the nest number and GPS coordinates in case the original stakes become lost due to any reason. Records are kept concerning any abnormal tracks or nests made by females, as they are typically a sign of interruption or disorientation from human sources. The nests are under surveillance all through the season for damage caused by delinquents, flood, ant invasion, predators, and damage caused by storm surge[10]. The contents of the clutches are sorted out 24- 48 hours after they have hatched. Alive hatchlings are brought to the aquarium to provide required care and are kept there until the end of the season before releasing them. The amount of dead partially hatched hatchlings are calculated from the remains of the shell[9]. Nest success is calculated for every nest as the amount of hatchlings that effectively hatch and leave the nest; regrettably post-hatch predation can frequently not be calculated and included in the measure. The nest success is used to evaluate the comparative success of the conservation methods, and to recognize main risky and low success locations and may begin the probable repositioning of nests in prospective years. One of the significant things to be considered across the management region is the nests to non nesting emergences ratio. This is important due to the fact that areas that diverge from the anticipated 1:1 ratio may either be extremely disturbed as females terminate most nesting attempts, or an extremely flourishing beach with a high amount of nesting emergences[5]. These beaches can then be prioritized into beaches which need extreme consideration and regulation due to extreme interruption, or need to be conserved so that extremely successful beaches are not lost to development. These management programs and their enforcement power is frequently supported by federal and state legislation that enforce heavy penalties and jail time to people who directly or indirectly contribute to the interruption of a sea turtle, its nest, or hatchlings. Infomration of this program was acquired from personal experience at Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, 2005, whilà Ã‚ µ corrà Ã‚ µspond ingly dà Ã‚ µscribà Ã‚ µd programs includà Ã‚ µ onà Ã‚ µ in Brazil, in diffà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt arà Ã‚ µas of Florida (Johnson and Eckhart, 1996; Antworth, et al., 2006), and in Greece[5][7][8][9]. Community conservation is regularly a very booming in terms of economy conservation program in third world countries, as sea turtles are very imperative for the local economy, custom and as a food source[1]. Locals are commonly willing to contribute and operate their own programs as these programs significantly benefit the community. An example of a extremely flourishing program is in Ostional, Costa Rica, which is the sight of one of the worlds largà Ã‚ µst mass nà Ã‚ µsting of thà Ã‚ µ Olivà Ã‚ µ Ridlà Ã‚ µy sà Ã‚ µa turtlà Ã‚ µ. When the fà Ã‚ µmalà Ã‚ µs waiting off shorà Ã‚ µ arà Ã‚ µ cuà Ã‚ µd to begin nesting locals consider the cue is correlated to the lunar cycle- the local group of turtle[2][3][6] watchers and visiting rà Ã‚ µsà Ã‚ µarchà Ã‚ µrs takà Ã‚ µ tourists to vià Ã‚ µw nà Ã‚ µsting for a fà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µ, which is an important basis of income for the villagers. At times the turtles start digging up other turtles nest to deposit their own due to the high density of nesting females in the vicinity. Due to the fact that the life span of dislodged eggs significantly reduces 6 hours post deposit the local villagers are permitted to collect the dislodged eggs and sell them in the market at a price of a chicken egg to avoid black market demand. Some of the locals also help researchers and participate in caging clutches at risk from predation, and teach tourists about the anthropogenic and natural risks to sea turtles. The offshore gathering of the nesting females is a threat since these females are at greater risk to accidents through offshore human. Even though the traffic off-shore from nà Ã‚ µsting bà Ã‚ µachà Ã‚ µs is difficult to control, the development of the turtle excluder device for fishing vessels has reduced the number of drowning deaths of sea turtles in nets. In Bahia Magdalena, Mexico, numerous turtle carcasses for numerous species of marine turtle are found decaying all along beaches inside the town, which are typically due to the bi-catch from off-shore trawling, if not from plundering. The turtle excluder device is an add-on to trawl nets that let turtles to get away through a huge trap door in the back of the net, and has saved countless nesting and foraging turtles from drowning. Regrettably in certain parts of the world, such as in Mexico and India, there are enormous deaths due to trawling around the nesting period, and the local fishermen decline to utilize the excluder devices, in spite of being offered without any cost, since they believe they might lose their catch when the turtles exit the net. In fact only few fishes are lost through the trap door and moreover it will save them more money since they wont have to restore or repair the damaged nets caused due to entangled turtles[1]. Another source of mortality is the longline fishing. The sea turtles can potentially take the bait and become entangled in longlines, although, the introduction of circular hooks have helped reduce the mortality due to specific cause. Lately, numerous nesting beach programs globally, have been tagging nesting females through satellite[6][7]. This way they can keep track of the nesting females position before nesting attempts along with their migratory routes and destinations. This helps in refining and cleaning the area in order to regulate fishing and human activity, thus minimizing disturbance. Monitoring turtle population through nesting beaches and enhanced recruitment is an extremely practical and cost effective way to conserve the endangered sea turtle species. While a good amount of a turtles life is spent migrating and foraging, the nesting period during which these turtles come off shore to breed is the only time during which they can easily be accessible to researchers. The majority programs are comparatively successful in improving nesting success mired by human activity simply through presence and protection of nests[5]. Success is generally restricted by the collaboration of the community, since extra stress is placed on the people from communities apart from to the natural level of predation and mortality. In numerous developed countries the maintenance of nesting beaches with legislation and patrol programs linking community education have led to an increment in population growth rates. Even as there are more management problems in third-world nations, owing to insufficient of funding and lax legislation and enforcement, instilling a feeling of liability for the sea turtles in the local people can go a long way in incrà Ã‚ µasing thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µsting succà Ã‚ µss of thà Ã‚ µ bà Ã‚ µach.

Rhode Island Nightclub Fire Incident Essay -- essays research papers

The nightclub, is an aged small wood structure in Rhode Island. The club is reported to have a capacity of 182 people. On February 20th 2003, more then 400 fans packed into the small club to see a band. Although there are discrepancies between reports of how many people were in attendance, it is obvious that the number is well over twice the club's capacity. During the performance, as part of the act, pyrotechnics were deployed. The pyrotechnics were gerbs. Gerbs are cylindrical devices that are designed to make a spray of 15-foot plumes of sparks for 15 seconds. Gerbs are befitting for use indoors, as long as the appropriate precautions are taken. The pyrotechnics ignited a polyurethane (egg crate foam) material that is used for packing and product display--but not for "sound proofing," as it was used lining the stage. Considering that this foam is not intended for use as a sound treatment in buildings, it was not treated with fire retardants. Due to the size and age of the building (built before 1976), safety regulations said that the nightclub did not have to have a sprinkler system, and it thus did not have one. The fire originating on the stage quickly filled the club with toxic smoke from the burning polyurethane and other building materials. In the shear moment of panic, the people caused a scene of chaotic proportions: stampeding towards the only exit they knew--the way they got in. Over 400 people all trying to get out one door at the same time caused a massive pileup trapping the majority of people inside. Just prior to the fire department arriving on scene the super heated gases trapped in the building ignited causing what is called a â€Å"flashover." Temperatures exceeding 932 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit inst... ... these pyrotechnics in this situation would have been revealed before the show. Lastly, the enforcement of the capacity—the number of people allowed in club would have dramatically decreased the number of fatalities and injuries in this incident. In conclusion, it is clear that situations like this could easily be prevented with a few vitals steps. The first step in the line of prevention is restriction of flammable materials in nightclubs and other buildings, especially in enclosed spaces. Second is the installation of fire prevention systems—fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems and fire alarms with early notification to the local fire authorities. Also, the prevention of using dangerous pyrotechnics in enclosed spaces is imperative. Finally, the need for sufficient exits is vital to the safety of the people in any building, especially a crowed nightclub.

How To Fight In Hockey Successfully :: essays research papers

How to Fight in Hockey Successfully   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes hockey players lose their cool on the ice and get into a fight with an opponent. The fights look spontaneous and unplanned, but there are many techniques and tricks that will help a player to be a better fighter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a fight begins, the first thing to do is to drop your stick and gloves onto the ice. It is always better to punch with your bare fists so it hurts the opponent more. Also, it is easier to grab with your bare hands. Next, you must rip off the opponents helmet by grabbing the back of the helmet and pulling it toward yourself. Once you have the helmet off, the real rumble begins. From this point on in the scuffle, there are a few very successful techniques used by the best of the pros to win the fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One very good way to win is to, first, punch the opponent in the stomach so he bends over toward you. Next, grab the bottom of the back side of his jersey and forcefully pull it over his head. By pulling the jersey over the opposition's head, you make it so he can't see or move his arms very well. With the jersey over his head, you can finish the fight by throwing the punches that you throw the hardest to your opponent's face and stomach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another good technique is to grab the opponent's collar of his jersey right below his chin with one hand and pull him foreword quickly. While you slam him forward, use your other hand to punch him in the face. This technique hurts the opponent the most because his momentum moving toward you makes the blow twice as hard as an ordinary punch. Continue to use this technique over and over until the fight is done. The opponent usually will not know where he is, so it will be a fairly easy fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with the previous techniques, there are also a few tips that will help you out. First of all, avoid throwing your opponent on to the ice. When you do this, the referees can easily break up the brawl. Also, always keep your hands up to be able to block blows to the face and head area. Lastly, try not to pull the opponent's hair. This is considered to be very cheap in a hockey fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a final note, by following all these tips and techniques, you will be

How do We Define a Citizen ? Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Citizens Must Fulfill Obligations and Duties to the Community In our ever-changing world how do we define "a citizen?" Peter J. Gomes in his speech, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Followship" defines a citizen as "...one who belongs and one who has obligations" (206). He adds a citizen has "... the notion of belonging, having an identity of which one is proud and by which one is defined and having an obligation to share and serve in behalf of that greater good" (206). The Webster's New World Dictionary defines a citizen as "a member of a nation by birth or naturalization," but a citizen is more than that. A citizen not only has rights and privileges; he is a proud, contributing member of society. I define a citizen as one who understands and fulfils his obligations and duties to his community. Patriotism, love of country, is an ideal that every citizen should possess. I know that many disagree. They believe showing patriotism equals arrogance, conceit and sends a message that we are superior to everyone else. I disagree. After the attacks of September 11, our nation experienced a surge of patriotism. We were not merely individuals living among each other; we were Americans. We were proud to announce to the world that America is the greatest nation in the world. We were showing love and support for the ideas that America stands for: freedom, individual rights, and tolerance. Even when we are not in agreement with the policies of our government, we as citizens of the United States can be proud that in our country we have the right to openly disagree with those policies. To be deemed citizen requires more from us than just feeling pride for our nation; citizenship also carries with it duties and respo... ...out change will fall into place. John F. Kennedy said it best in his inaugural address: "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." Works Cited Gomes. Peter. J. "Civic Virtue and the Character of Followship: A New Take on an Old Hope." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2000. 205-212. Kennedy. John. F. "1965 Presidential Inaugural Address." Washington, D.C. 11 Jan.1965. InforTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 22 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>. Ushkow. Mike. "Turnout Ups, Downs." Campaigns & Elections. December/ January V22. (2002): 10. InfoTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 18 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>.

VDB Brief

Introduction Recent studies show that the use of technology in almost every activity we daily make has become more important day by day. This also can be applied in business aspects, Like hospitality, where the customer attention Is the priority, so managers need to find the way to automation the service the best as possible. 2. 0 Analysis of Issue 2. Summary of the Issue In the article â€Å"Warning, warnings Entering bots mania†, the author Is trying to let us now the negative part of robot evolution, saying, â€Å"artificial intelligence is going to cause huge disruption, as a host of everyday functions† (Collie, 2014). The issue here is that there's the possibility that robots can become ‘our social as well as economic superiors', so In every business that requires technology for working, there's the need to be sure if is necessary to keep automating the product or service, or it just can still be a real people's job.Despite this, technological advances go fas ter than we think, for example we can appreciate the evolution of the embodied systems that Interact with humans, where â€Å"the ability to interact with people in the human environment has been a recent motivator of the humanoid robotics community and the service robotics community. For systems such as these, safety and minimizing Impact on human living spaces are Important Issues, as well as the Issues of performance and ease of use† (Beebread, 2003, p. 121).This means that automated machines are starting to be created very similar as humans, which support the theory that some day they will become in otter humans than us. 2. 2 Implications for management of virtual business Talking about our specific business, hospitality, to increase service productivity, â€Å"many companies utilize automation extensively to reduce the use of labor. However, greater use of automation does not always result In higher service quality, and the effectiveness of automation in providing servi ce hinges on how advanced the technology level is† (Rust & Hang, 2012, p. 7). On the other hand, some people affirm that there are many others topics to take into account about the advantages ND disadvantages of human robots, like Issues of trust In automation, which â€Å"challenge macro-cognitive work at numerous levels, ranging from decision making at the policy level, to capability at the mission and organizational levels, to confidence at 1 OFF operators† (Hoffman, Johnson & Bradshaw, 2013, p. 84). 3. Conclusion Thanks to the preview information, it's correct to affirm that the use of advanced technology in our hotels to improve the service and to reduce the costs could be a ere good solution, but it has to be correctly controlled to avoid that robots can steal human Jobs; in other words, it's important to use the technology in a way that it doesn't affect humans quality of life in any way, such as economical and emotional aspects, so the business can get more bene fits and advantages over competitors. Reference List Collie, R. (2014, February 27). Warning, warning! Entering bots mania. The Sydney Morning Herald.

Environmental policy Essay

Environmental polity foundationt be base doctorly on readiness arguments. Issues of morality argon at least as all important(predicate). DiscussThe in a higher place bid is true to a current extent and in the course of this attempt a balanced countersign go forth be cave ined in the hope that the emergences leave behind prove this to be true. To begin, the legal opinions of rough(a) Russian intellectuals leave alone be put dour front on the subject of Utilitarianism and why capacity is egotism-destructive in the long run, on that rankof supporting the statement Environmental insurance suffert be ground solely on force arguments. To choose on from this there will be a dialogue as to the line of works go about by old command and hold (hence forth referred to as CAC) policies such as direct decree and sparks fees from an skill and honest view orchestrate.Then, these methods of environmental constitution and the psyches of Ronald Coase will be hig hlighted as an fount of respectable mold in possible environmental constitution as well as from an efficiency standpoint. Following this will be an outlining of the study of the U.S Tradable permits prelude to childs play defilement operate and the honorable influences therein. Taking the ethical issues point raised in the title statement one step further wherefore leads onto the imagination of ethical stipulations. These live with been base around an anthropocentric perspective, olibanum farther and so at this point approximately views from an eco-centric stance will be considered. To do this, A. Leopolds The globe Ethic will be looked at. The seriouss of nature will be brought below the umbrella of ethical issues and discussed from a insurance perspective.What economists mean by stinting efficiency, is that in an i swap scotch governance, goods worth much(prenominal) than they monetary value to conjure up frustrate rised, goods worth less than they cost to produce do non. (D. Friedman. 2004) This holds firm by means of with(predicate)out this intelligence, along with the thought process of efficiency as it is defined as both The mathematical product of the desired effects or declarations with marginal waste of cadence, effort or skill, (dictionary.com 2004) and as A quantify of potentness specifically, the effective work output divided by the energy input in any(prenominal) dodging (dictionary.com 2004). In different aspects of environmental policy, these different definitions of efficiency hold true, though it is clear that they all shed the aforementioned(prenominal) thing in mind when referring to efficiency. As it Stands, Utilitarianism (the theory of Jeremy Bentham) is an example of efficiency if it were to be utilise to policy. Valdimir Odoevsky, one of the most smart as a whip and influential representatives of progressive thought in Russia (A. Frolova 1998) of his time, produced a development of the utili tarian theory of J. Bentham, which is illustrated in all tolda Frolovas expression Ecological reason out Ethical alternatives.The utilitarian address to liveness as put across by Odoevsky, who states that utility is an essential driving propel of all clement actions, (A. Frolova 1998) it is tell to be the driving force for all laws, legislations, activities and morals. It is excessively suggested that under the notion of utilitarianism, utility should be allowed to take the place of all notions of so called consciousness, so called inborn feeling, all poetic dreams and fantasies. This is a very powerful scape for the representation of efficiency as the sole driver of any policy decisions, tied(p) environmental ones, but it is a binding viewpoint where ethics is not interpreted into consideration. Odoevsky talks of a refining called Benthamia where under the concept of utility everything runs in a sustainable way. However it is when a un officed civilization is founded outside of Benthamia that the problems associated with a musical arrangement void of ethics emerge.Through the enforce of political intrigues, deceit, and bribery, as well as organizing quarrels among any rival civilizations that emerge in order to weaken them for the benefit of Benthamia, the Benthamites kick the bucket their power. After they suffer sufficiently wounded a civilization to the point where that civilization is of no further usance to Benthamia, the washy civilization is taken into full self-will all by the acquisition of it (at the cheapest high-octane price) or by the use of force.All of these points be mootn to be ethically ill-treat in to twenty-four hour periods area where ethics is A set of principles of right conduct (A. Frolova 1998) and even when there is a call for utilization of deserted is res mankindas (A. Frolova 1998) preferably than taking over the crushed neighbors of Benthamia, the suggestions are condemned and those who put them b eforehand are state to be idle dreamers (A. Frolova 1998). In Odoevskys vision of utilitarianism, Benthamia is torn apart from inside due to different self interests associated with differing favorable dapples throughout the growing civilization and as it is put by Odoevsky One day glorious Benthamia ceased to exist. (A. Frolova 1998) Odoevsky perceives nature as beautiful and responsive in regard to human morals and this representation of efficiency as the sole driver of decision stain shows that ethics are important in every aspect of what we do.Less uttermost(prenominal) examples of efficiency in environmental policy can be seen when looking at cases such as the policy relating to traffic with the inefficiencies associated with the production of leaf blade. Classic approaches to the problem of the externalities of steel production include direct jurisprudence by the government found on telling the steel application how more than they can pollute, as well as emission f ees (called Pigouvian taxes). Emission fees are base around the concept of charging steel companies for the legal injury done by its contamination. The idea of direst enactment is seen to be an inefficient environmental policy whereas emission fees are said to produce an efficient heart and soul of steel as well as an efficient amount of befoulment find out. In the real cosmosness however emission fees policy is not efficient as it is difficult to measure what the damage caused is as well as it world inefficient to spend time looking for the damage caused.These two policies are based around the idea of efficiency in the steel labor (as an example), though with the insight of R. Coase and the introduction of what many have dubbed Coase Theorem social cost can be associated with efficiency to gain a divulge overall way of viewing the problem of externalities through the introduction of attri merelye rights. quite than a system whereby the government defines the measures that fill to be taken by industry or where it is left to the polluter to deal with the control methods as with the previously mentioned CAC policies, the idea of Coases theorem defines a policy where, if effect costs are zero if, in other words, any agreement that is in the mutual benefit of the parties concerned gets make, thus any initial definition of property rights leads to an efficient way out (D. Friedman. 2004)The way that his argument is put across in the article entitled the Swedes get it right is based around the cost of suspension of pollution in a steel manu grinder Vs. the cost of changing windward domain of a function use from a resort to a timber forest. The article, written by D. Friedman, puts forwards a very efficient environmental policy whereby the distribution of property rights leads to the internalization of externalities and the most cost effective outcome on a social level. at a lower place the notion of Coase theorem, if it is cheaper for the reso rt to pay the factory for the cost of pollution intermission human body of than change his own come use thusly this should be done, producing a situation where everybody is happy and the overall conditions are more desirable.This efficiency based policy is seen to be an advancement of old efficiency based policy though there are still problems associated with it due to the fact that ethics are not considered. One of the largest problems famous by Coase is the idea of the Public legal Problem (D. Friedman. 2004). If there are many different people liveliness downwind of a factory and they contribute to the abatement of the pollution, then if one person does not pay because doing so wont make a difference to whether the abatement is remunerative or not and the abatement does go through, then that person is seen to be a free rider (D. Friedman. 2004) getting abatement for free. This is why picnic pollution in Southern California still persists, as there are millions of people sustenance in the area it is hard to get a situation where everyone pays for the abatement of pollution and it is not possible to re-locate this vast figure of speech of people. Coase argues that it is not the externalities that fundamentally create the problem, but that it is the transaction costs.A policy approach to the environment that has taken ethical issues into consideration can be seen in the US formation of a tradable permit approach to air pollution control. In the discussion about the US system ethical consideration is defined in either of two contexts (1) when the decisions seem to reflect unselfish concerns which transcend self-interest and (2) when the decisions seem to bequeath special handling to rights which seem to have a special moral defense (T. Tietenberg. 1998). The emissions work program is set out as a straight forwards, bendable market based policy where the trading of permits is allowed and efficiency is increased due to the self interests of the p articipating industries. Through the acquisition of an emission reduction credit (ERC) (T. Tietenberg. 1998) this trading can take place and to acquire this ERC a company must lower its emissions to a point below the required level put forwards by the plunder air act. Further efficiency is formal by the way that the ERC system allows upstart firms to come into the market, thus, by introducing the offset policy EPA the Environmental protection agency allowed economic increase to go whilst insuring progress toward attainment. (T. Tietenberg. 1998)The efficiency of the tradable permits system can be seen by analysis, which think that the proposed 0.01 g per leaded gallon (gplg) prototype would expiration in $36 zillion ($1983) in benefits (from annuld adverse wellness effects) at an estimated cost to refining industry of $2.6 billion. (T. Tietenberg. 1998) As well as being implemented at a subject area level. Tradable permit systems have also been employ at a regional scal e, with air pollution in California being an example of this. RECLAIM (Regional Clean pass around Incentives Market) presss the burden of identifying the appropriate control strategies from the control authorities to the polluter (a point that made direct regulation an inefficient policy based solution, as previously mentioned), and thus the system again proves to be effective due to the fact that now, pollution bar is given an economic underpinning. Along with these examples off efficiency, the tradable permits system, when compared to emissions charges and emission standards comes out as a far more effective environmental policy. moral philosophy can be observe in the Tradable permits approach however, and evidence seen in the paper Ethical influences on the ontogeny of the US tradable permit approach to air control suggests that ethical considerations have contend a role in shape the environmental objective, the choice of instruments, the definition of the tradable commodi ty, the treatment of fill updown attribute, the relationship to traditional regulation and the rules governing permit trades. Thus it is the perspective of the author T. Tietenberg, that ethical influences on the maturation of the US tradable permit approach have been blended with pragmatic and political concerns to wangle a compromise approach (T. Tietenberg. 1998).This elbow room that even if ethical issues are considered they do not hold as much weight as efficiency arguments and result in efficiency bias compromises. This can be seen in the case of shut down credits. Among the various ways of creating credits this has been the most controversial point. It is controversial, ethically, because the economic inducement should be targeted at positive actions to reduce pollution through the investment of juvenile control equipment and not through shut-down (which is where a factory is shut down to create a large number of tradable ERCs). As a result the compromise has produced a situation whereby all shut-down credits either revert to the control authority or they could be freely transferred to buyers (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This is a result that doesnt stop the process of shut-downs (as would be ethically acceptable) but allows the process to continue but with efficient outcomes kinda than save of ERCs.The ethical issues that have been represented in the case study of Tradable permits in the US have been examples of human-centric ethics stressing on welfare. Some environmentalists, such as A. Leopold strain more on eco-centric ethics and present an argument that through social development the ground itself should be considered as a member of the community which is taken into nib in environmental policy. Leopold, in his article, The Land Ethic explains his concept and the problems associated with achieving this goal. It is said to be the case that our educational and economic system is heading away from, rather than towards an longing consciousnes s of dry land (A. Leopold. 1949) . Leopold shows through the use of specific examples how there are essentially two different types of conversationalists, as Leopold puts it there are the economic value grabbers (A. Leopold. 1949) and those that see land as biota (A. Leopold. 1949) and foreboding about the secondary functions of things such as forests. Leopold gives a good illustration of this through the use of sport and meat.Group A, the economic value grabbers, when presented with the idea, will think expeditiously about the subject, being satisfied with the thought that these are things that come from nature. Group B however, worries about biotic side issues, for example the cost in predators of producing a plot of ground crop. Whereas the ideas associated with Coases theorem are related to the wellness issues and other things that affect humans living downwind of the factory, it is the conclusion of Leopold that, A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological co nscience, and this in process reflects a conviction of individual certificate of indebtedness for the health of the land (A. Leopold. 1949). This view holds that the land is to be conserved or saved as some sustainability policies are currently leading towards. It is the opinion of Leopold that sustainability policy should be based around ideas of eco-centric ethics rather than being based around the idea that it is a necessity to promote sustainable policies from a human centric point of view.To conclude it can be said that efficiency is still the main focus of environmental policy making however over time the emergence of ethics in policy has emerged, though ethical issues are not considered to be at least as important as efficiency arguments. It has been said that without some kind of ethic (a theory of right and responsibility) and some kind of axiology (or value theory) we lack counsel and direction for tackling problems, whether global, environmental, or otherwise (R. Attf ield. 1999). The discussion in this essay has led towards an outcome that supports the statement to a certain degree. It has been shown through the use of the utilitarian argument and some CAC policy methods that efficiency is not the exclusively thing that has to be considered in environmental policy making, and the US case-study supports the notion that a certain amount of ethics has to be involved.But the nature of the ethics that is applied is essentially Human-centric and to consider ethical issues in environmental policy to be as important as efficiency the idea of a land ethic is an important one. As Leopold says himself the idea of a land ethic is not yet public opinion and in fact is entirely being kept alive by a minority who has revolted against modern trends of efficiency and human-centric ethics. Ethical issues are not as important as efficiency arguments in environmental policy though if the land ethic were to become a normal opinion through re-education and a shift in social thinking then there is a hope that in time the statement will be completely justified.ReferencesA. Leopold (1949) The Land Ethic. In A Second County Almanac. Oxford University Press. Oxford.Alla Frolova (1998) Ecological reasoning Ethical alternatives. Ecological Economics, 24. p.169-182.Dictionary.com (2004) http//dictionary.reference.com/David Friedman The Swedes get it right. http//www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/The_Swedes.html (2004) robin redbreast Attfield (1983) The Ethics of Environmental Concern. Basil Blackwell. Oxford.Robin Attfield (1998) conception value and intrinsic value. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 163-168Robin Attfield (1999) The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.Robert Elliot (1995) Environmental Ethics. Oxford University Press. Oxford. tom Tietenberg (1998) Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air pollution control. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 241-257.Student no. 00020854 702E